Category: Philosophy of Dying

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Companionship provided so no one dies alone

More hospice volunteers, hospitals and individuals are providing end-of-life support

By Gurveen Kaur

Volunteers (from left) Jeanette Wee, Francis Lim, Jaki Fisher, Tio Guat Kuan (sitting), Ng Seng Chuan, Angela Sho, Paul Koh and Ashleigh Quek provide a comforting presence to patients with no family or close friends in their final hours at Assisi Hospice.
Volunteers (from left) Jeanette Wee, Francis Lim, Jaki Fisher, Tio Guat Kuan (sitting), Ng Seng Chuan, Angela Sho, Paul Koh and Ashleigh Quek provide a comforting presence to patients with no family or close friends in their final hours at Assisi Hospice.

The ultimate present you could give a dying person may well be your presence.

At Assisi Hospice, 15 volunteers take turns to sit by the side of dying patients until their last breath.

They are part of No One Dies Alone, a volunteer-centred programme that provides companionship to dying patients who have neither family nor close friends to accompany them in their final hours.

The volunteers simply provide a comforting presence, lending emotional and psychological support without the help of medical equipment or medication.

At the hospice, it was a long-time volunteer, Ms Jaki Fisher, who suggested the programme in 2013 after hearing about it from a friend in the United States.

The English-language teacher, who is in her 30s, says: “It resonated as I have felt alone before and would not want these patients to feel this way before they die.”

No One Dies Alone was started in 2001 by Ms Sandra Clarke, a nurse in the US, and has been implemented in several hospitals there.

In 2014, she helped implement it at Assisi, whose former chief executive she knew, and also provided training materials. To be a volunteer with the programme, one has to clock at least three months at the hospice and have no recent bereavement in the family in the past six months.

To date, 19 residents have been admitted into the programme. After being identified by medical social workers as suitable candidates – having no family or loved ones – patients are invited to be part of the programme. If they accept, the volunteers will get to know and befriend them.

Once a patient is identified to be in the “active dying” phase, the volunteers each take three-hour shifts to sit by the patient’s bedside and just “be there with the patient”, says Ms Fisher, a Singapore permanent resident who has held vigil 11 times. The period can range from a few hours to a few days.

“It’s a powerful and intense period, even though you might just be sitting there. It’s not about doing something, but being present and there for the person,” she adds.

It can be a trying and emotionally charged process for the volunteers as they must accept that their role is not to help the patient get better.

Housewife Tio Guat Kuan, 51, says: “It was hard initially as we really wanted to help the patient… but then I learnt that the greatest gift you can give anyone is your presence.”

She has held vigil for 11 patients.

Assisi Hospice is the only place here with a fully established No One Dies Alone programme. Other establishments might have other formal programmes that are similar, or depend on staff to be with dying patients instead.

Some hospitals have taken an extra step when it comes to end-of-life care too.

At Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, nurses attend a two-day end-of-life workshop to equip themselves with the skills to counsel and accompany dying patients. These include how to communicate with patients and break bad news to a patient’s family.

Dr James Low, a senior consultant at the hospital’s department of geriatric medicine, says: “Sometimes, all that is needed is a person’s presence in those final hours so they do not feel abandoned. It can be just holding their hand.”

The hospital also has 11 single, air-conditioned rooms where dying patients, identified to be nearing the end, may spend their final hours with their loved ones at no added charge.

Similarly, Tan Tock Seng Hospital has six end-of-life rooms where families can say their last goodbyes in comfort and privacy.

Outside these medical institutions, there are death doulas, or individuals who provide practical and emotional support at the end of life.

It can be a dying person or his family or loved ones who request a doula’s services, which vary from helping to sort out legal paperwork to discussing existential topics on life and death.

In Western countries such as the US, Britain and Australia, the number of these end-of-life guides has been growing in the past five years, although there are no official figures on the industry.

In Singapore, there are few, if any, death doulas.

Certified midwife and birth consultant Red Miller, 38, has been organising workshops since last year to spread the word on the role of a death doula.

The Canadian, who is based in Singapore, invited her friend, Australian death doula Denise Love, to conduct two-day training sessions in November last year and March this year. The first attracted 13 attendees and the second, 26.

One participant was Ms Helen Clare Rozario, founder of Nirvana Mind, a company that offers meditation classes.

The workshop has inspired the 32-year-old to organise a “death cafe”, where people meet to discuss death, as well as a get-together for people who have lost loved ones to suicide.

She says: “The workshop made me think about my best friend’s death two years ago and how I can set up support groups for others who have lost loved ones to talk about the impact of the death.”

Complete Article HERE!

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How do you honor a dementia patient’s end-of-life-wishes?

By Bob Tedeschi

EndNotes_alzeihmerQuest

A terminal illness can be devastating for an entire family, with relatives often forced to make decisions about a loved one’s care if the patient is no longer able to do so.

If the patient has dementia, the situation can be even harder. By the time a neurological disorder is diagnosed, many patients can’t think clearly or articulate their wishes for end-of-life care.

So what to do?

Amid the many imperfect options comes a new and promising one.

The Conversation Project, an organization that publishes a guide called “the Conversation Starter Kit,” to help families through end-of-life conversations, recently released a sequel for families of Alzheimer’s and dementia patients. Co-produced by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, it was co-written by Ellen Goodman, a Pulitzer-winning journalist who founded the Conversation Project and who lost her sister to Alzheimer’s disease roughly four years ago.

“The day she was told by a doctor that she had Alzheimer’s, we got back in the car. She talked about it for a moment and I had this great sense of relief that it was finally on the table,” Goodman said. “Then of course the next day she forgot.”

“We were really too late,” she said.

Goodman knew she wasn’t alone. When promoting the importance of end-of-life conversations, she said, “We were repeatedly asked the question: ‘Yeah, but what if your loved one is cognitively impaired?’”

The new guide, which is available in full here, breaks down the conversation into several steps, with recommendations based on a person’s cognitive abilities.

If the person with dementia is still able to process information effectively, the guide suggests leading them through a brief questionnaire known as the “Where I Stand Scales.” On a scale of 1-to-5, for instance, they are asked how much they’d like to know about their condition and treatment, or how much of a say they would like to have in their medical treatment.

If they are in the midstages of the disease, loved ones are encouraged to gather information in small bites, and look for the right opportunities to talk. Dementia patients often have moments when they remember certain events clearly, like the extended illness of a friend, and such topics can offer the chance to ask questions that might uncover a person’s medical preferences.

If a relative can’t participate in the conversation, the guide suggests a family meeting in which participants fill out the questionnaire as the patient would.

“So often, the doctors will have the family in the room, and they’ll all be absolutely positive that their loved one wanted something, and they’ll all have a different idea of what that is,” Goodman said. “It’s critical to say ‘Let’s bring this person in the room: How did they make decisions? When did they say something about someone else with Alzheimer’s?’ Figure out what that person wanted, not what you want.”

For families who may be prone to conflict or messy tangents, the guide serves as a script and a means of building empathy through brief testimonials. One such testimonial reads: “The shame involved is very parallel to mental illness. The more profound or accomplished the people are, the more shame is involved. The behavior can be so off the charts that you want to both protect and hide.”

There’s an all-important recommendation that too many families overlook — namely, to create a written statement of wishes for caregivers, other family members, and EMTs to follow, and circulating the document or placing it somewhere that’s hard to miss. (On the refrigerator door, for instance.)

Joanna Baker, of Brookline, Mass., moved her parents closer to her home several years ago so she could more effectively manage her mother’s Alzheimer’s disease and spend time with them while they were still relatively healthy. The new Conversation Starter Kit came too late to help her form an end-of-life plan with her mother’s direct input, but she said it helped her in other ways.

“With someone in cognitive decline, you really have to go do the detective work — intuition, translating signals,” she said. “It’s already hard enough. We’re all plodding through this with a tremendous underlying stream of grief.”

Looking for signals in a loved one’s suddenly foreign behavior, she said, requires separating oneself from that grief long enough to view such behaviors not as a reminder of something lost but as a token of something valuable.

Baker has seen her mother exhibit new tendencies the more time she has spent in the dementia unit: deep affection for, and whispered conversations with, a realistic-looking stuffed cat named Douglas, and an affinity for brightly colored caps from washing detergent bottles, for instance.

There was also the time she lashed out at a doctor who gave her a flu shot.

“The doctor said ‘She’s telling you she really doesn’t want an intervention,’” Baker said. “That was like gold to me, because she was helping me interpret my mother’s behavior.”

Her mother is happy, and Baker is confident she is helping her mother live her life according to her mother’s wishes, down to the songs that play in her room.

“We’ve had to cull the music selection, because things she might’ve liked at one time would be less understandable,” she said. “‘Somewhere Over the Rainbow’” always works.”

“How do I know this?” she added. “I pay attention. Her toes tap when she hears that music.”

 Complete Article HERE!

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Advanced care planning addresses end-of-life issues

By BRIAN AND KATHY DERRY

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As summer winds down, it’s time to look again at that to do list, especially an item that most of us have put off for years, doing our Advance Care Plan. Fortunately there’s a way to face that task with others, making it easier.

Our “Kitchen Table Conversations About Advance Care Planning” workshop poses the questions that need to be addressed in a facilitated setting which encourages sharing. With stories, role playing and a panel of health care professionals who help people at the end of life, one participant described the workshop as “most impactful and educational for me.”

Our aim is to prepare participants for the most important part of advance care planning, the conversation with loved ones. As one person said, “My husband and I have differing wishes regarding end of life care, so the exercises were pretty revealing.” It’s easy to see the benefit of understanding those differences before a crisis develops, and before dementia sets in. Another participant who experienced the long journey of dementia with his wife said, “Once mid- to late-stage dementia develops, the individual will no longer be competent to make any decisions. It is essential to clearly identify your decision makers in both health care and financial matters.”

In the workshop we spend time looking at whom you might choose as your advocate or health care power of attorney. What are they expected to do? Who would be best able to ask the tough questions, such as will the person recover and what is the expected quality of life? Your advocate should have a good understanding of what you would say

Medicine has made significant progress in developing tools that lengthen life. Diseases that have been considered terminal can now be managed as chronic illnesses, like diabetes and heart disease. This has resulted in a movement toward shared decision making, with the doctor providing realistic side effects and outcomes, and the patient sharing his or her personal values and goals. Together they decide what treatment is appropriate for the individual.

One tool that we all have become familiar with through medical TV shows is CPR. In a typical TV depiction, the actor/patient survives. In reality, between eight and 18 percent of patients who’ve had CPR actually leave the hospital alive, and many sustain physical trauma like broken ribs. Whether a person survives depends on the age and health of the patient.

In our workshop we introduce people to the POLST, the Provider Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment, a document prepared by your health care provider that says whether you want such a procedure performed on you. Especially anyone who is frail or has a terminal diagnosis should consider having a conversation with their doctor about a POLST. With the POLST form posted on your refrigerator, emergency services will not use CPR or other procedures that you have declined.

Shared medical decision making is taken to another level with a new and growing specialty, pal-liative care. The palliative care specialist can be involved at any stage of life to focus on managing side effects of treatment and improving quality of life. This can be particularly helpful as chronic illnesses become more burdensome. Palliative care, sometimes called comfort care, focuses on dignity and quality of the remaining life, and requires ongoing management and conversation.

Hospice is also an important consideration when planning for life’s end. Hospice uses a team of doctors, nurses, social workers, aides, clergy and trained volunteers to augment the care you receive at home. The focus is on comfort and assuring the highest quality of life for an individual nearing life’s end. Treatments and testing that cause discomfort are suspended. Surprisingly, research is showing that many patients who choose comfort care earlier in their illness actually live longer with a higher quality of life.

You’ll learn more at the workshop, and gain the confidence and skills to begin having those “kitchen table conversations” of your own with loved ones. Imagine the relief and peace of mind you’ll feel to share your wishes! We hope you’ll join us at upcoming workshops this fall – you can get details at kitchentableconversations.eventbrite.com or by calling Missoula Aging Services at 728-7682.

Complete Article HERE!

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Mission creep doesn’t benefit patients at the end of life

The author’s father, John T. Harrington, with one of his great-grandchildren, Libby M. Myers.
The author’s father, John T. Harrington, with one of his great-grandchildren, Libby M. Myers.

By Samuel Harrington

When my father was 88 and the picture of health for his age, he taught me, an experienced physician, an unexpected lesson.

We were discussing treatment options promoted by his primary-care physician and other doctors for an aortic aneurysm — a ballooned segment of blood vessel at risk for dangerous rupture in his abdomen. He turned to me and asked, “Why would I want to fix something that is going to carry me away the way I want to go?”

My father had the generally accurate impression that if his aneurysm ruptured, he could demand pain medicine, decline emergency surgery and be dead from internal bleeding within a few hours or, at most, a day or two.

With his unexpected question, he directly challenged the assumption that a doctor’s advice is always in a patient’s best interest, particularly regarding a medical problem late in life. This proposition had been my general belief, but after more than two decades as an internist and gastroenterologist, he had prompted me to reconsider it.

Furthermore, Dad was making an important distinction, between care at the end of life (in this case, palliative care for pain) and treatment (aneurysm repair). He was also suggesting a natural exit strategy. Not suicide, to which he had a moral objection, and not physician-assisted suicide, which was not a legal option in his home state of Wisconsin.

Despite his generally decent health, we both thought that he was too old for a major surgical repair, so I suggested he undergo an outpatient procedure to insert a stent to prevent the ballooning artery from worsening — that would at least postpone the threat of rupture. My reasoning was that with the stent, he was likely to enjoy the birth of his first great-grandchild and that without it, he would probably never know her.

My father lived five more years and met 12 great-grandchildren. Three of those years were good ones, but two of them were not.

I have asked myself, “Was it worth it?” I know that he asked himself that, too. His mantra for the last two years of his life was “I have lived too long.”

The 2003 book “Tyranny of Treatment” documented the terrible medical procedures used in 18th-century England: draining blood from swollen legs and testicles, radical mastectomy without anesthesia; bleeding arms to “cure” eye problems.

Painful, futile treatment continues to this day, particularly with elderly patients who often are not informed of the difference between palliative care, designed to minimize pain while trying to preserve quality of life at the end, and aggressive treatment more designed to prolong life at any cost, using such methods as surgery or chemotherapy. Often they are not informed about the benefits of letting some conditions run their course.

Here in America, there is a deeply held belief that advances in medicine will eventually conquer or cure the chronic scourges of cancer, dementia, heart disease, lung disease and diabetes. This notion leads many elderly patients to seek aggressive treatment not only to spare their loved ones grief but because they hope (and expect) to be cured, if only they hold on just a little longer.

This is one reason that every year more than 75,000 people older than 85 die in intensive care units seeking care that proves to be futile, according to a 2004 study, and why more than 65 percent of our senior citizens die in institutions when a significant majority say they would prefer to die at home, according to a 2014 report by the Institute of Medicine.

The impulse to treat often prompts us to forget that many elderly patients have multiple medical problems brought on by chronic organ system weaknesses. Focusing aggressive therapy on one serious diagnosis can complicate another to the point of death, disability or prolonged hospitalization. Beyond that, too many doctors succumb to research from drug and device makers that show incrementally positive results for therapies that mean little to someone at the end of a long life.

As an example, a friend recently told me about her 89-year-old mother’s consultation with an oncologist for a Stage 4 cancer of the pancreas. The doctor launched into a description of some new treatment options.

After listening carefully to what the doctor offered, the patient posed the question, “How long can I expect to live if I decline chemotherapy, and how much longer can I expect to live if I undertake therapy?” When the doctor responded that the answer to both questions was three to six months, she cut short the consultation.

According to the science behind the studies, three months of added life expectancy is considered a statistically significant improvement. But for many people at an advanced age, three months of added “life” in hospitals or nursing homes, possibly suffering side effects, may not be an appealing prospect. My friend’s mother looked at the statistics and saw no practical benefit.

Facing the tyranny of treatment is not usually so dramatic. Not every patient has the option to decline surgery for a threatening aneurysm or chemotherapy for late-stage cancer. Most patients have multiple smaller decisions to make in the mission creep of treatment vs. care. These patients and their families need help thinking about the natural progression of aging and visualizing what they want at the end. Then, if they decline treatment and choose palliative care, they can consider an exit strategy.

One patient I spoke with was living a bed-to-chair existence and suffering urinary incontinence from multiple mini-strokes. She resisted the initial insertion of a bladder catheter as one indignity too far. The thought of an invasion of body, followed by regular catheter exchanges, brought a ripple of sadness to her eyes.

She brightened, however, when I explained that refusing to exchange the catheter would ultimately create a painless urinary-tract infection. If she chose, she could then decline antibiotics, and with the help of palliative medications would be able to die comparatively comfortably of a progressive systemic infection. She now had an exit strategy.

If asked by patients, most doctors are willing to discuss quality of life at the expense of quantity of life. In elder care, that conversation should include a discussion about futile treatments vs. making sure the last days on earth are comfortable. As Sherwin Nuland wrote in “How We Die,” “The real event taking place at the end of our life is our death, not the attempts to prevent it.”

Therefore, discussions with our trusted physicians should evolve from how to die later to how to die better, including with an exit strategy.

In my father’s case, he was clear at the end that he wanted to avoid further interventions designed to prolong life. At age 93, after six months in hospice, medicated for comfort, he died quietly at home.

Complete Article HERE!

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Saying goodbye: Inside the world’s first children’s hospice

FOR a parent whose child is facing death, the future looks bleak. But at the world’s first children’s hospice, staff ensure that life is celebrated, as our writer reports.

By Rachel Carlyle

'Death happens, but the living goes on'
‘Death happens, but the living goes on’

At the end of the main corridor in Helen House, the world’s first children’s hospice, lies the Little Room. It’s smaller than the other eight bedrooms, simply furnished, and it’s the place parents dread.That’s because it’s where they come when their child has died: the room is kept cold to preserve the body and give the family time to say their goodbyes and give their last hugs. Of course, there are tears here but also laughter and smiles: the room has been decorated as a fairy castle and a spaceship over the years. One time, on a boiling hot day, a grieving family took a break for a water fight on the grass outside.

“We could hear squeals from the parents and siblings of the child who had died,” recalls Clare Periton, chief executive of the hospice in Oxford. “It’s moments like those that capture what we’re about here. Death happens, but the living goes on, there’s still room for fun, and no one judges you.“Parents who come here with their children are scared by the Little Room, but afterwards say it made all the difference to be able to have time with them to say their goodbyes and come to terms with the fact that their child is cold.”

Children-hospice2
The normalising of death as part of life is what makes hospices so special

We can’t see the room today because it’s being used, but we visit the Starfish Room, the equivalent in Douglas House, the sister hospice for 16 to 35 year olds next door. The room is at the centre of the seven-bedroom building. There’s a discreet door at the back that leads directly outside via a long corridor.It was designed for coffins to enter and leave by – but no one can ever remember it being used. “The young people tell us they came in through the front door and they will go out of the front,” says Clare. This normalising of death as part of life is what makes hospices so special.On the bed in the Starfish Room is a lovingly hand-stitched quilt featuring a parable that explains the room’s name. A man spends his days rescuing beached starfishes by throwing them back into the sea. “What possible difference are you making?” someone asks. “There are so many stranded starfish.”“It makes a difference to this one,” the man replies, holding up a single starfish.“It’s a philosophy to live by,” says Clare. “You can’t change the world completely but you can make a difference to your bit. This is what we are trying to do here.”

Helen House was the world’s first children’s hospice when it opened in 1982. It was the result of a friendship between a nun, Sister Frances Dominica, and the parents of a terminally ill two year old, Helen Worswick, desperate for respite care. It was built in the grounds of the convent; Douglas House was added in 2004.

'You can’t change the world completely but you can make a difference to your bit'
‘You can’t change the world completely but you can make a difference to your bit’

It should be a subdued place because what could be more upsetting than a child’s death? But there’s a bustling, playful atmosphere. “It’s full of laughter and smiles. Staff aren’t moping about, there’s none of that tilted head earnest sympathy,” laughs Clare, who took over six months ago but has worked at the hospice for 11 years having trained as a nurse.“Children need to play and have fun, no matter what is going on in their lives.”There’s a huge, airy playroom at the heart of the modern building. There’s a teacher on site, a games room, a hot-tub room (where parents can take a well-deserved break), music room, sensory room and two family flats. There are 250 children on the books at any one time: some come here for end-of-life care in the last few weeks, others with life-limiting conditions come for respite care a few times a year to give their parents a break.Staff go to incredible lengths to make children’s last days happy and memorable: one 21 year old with cystic fibrosis was desperate to see the new Paddington film before he died, but the DVD hadn’t yet been released.Someone managed to get hold of a copy, it was couriered up from the company in London and a red carpet duly hired for the full premiere experience. Just yesterday, a six-year-old girl got her dearest wish: a trip round Oxford in a horse and cart.

As well as what Clare calls the “sparkly” experiences, they organise ordinary trips to the pub or to Costa Coffee for very ill or disabled young adults who want a slice of normal life.

'We know more than anyone how your whole life can change in a split second'
‘We know more than anyone how your whole life can change in a split second’

At the moment there are four children in Helen House, plus one in the Little Room, and another three children waiting for end-of-life care, being visited at home by outreach nurses.There are 160 staff, ranging from doctors to cleaners and fundraisers, a teacher, music therapist, aromatherapist, play specialists and an army of volunteers. It costs £5.1 million a year to run both houses; Government funding makes up 12 per cent, but the rest is fundraising: £1 million comes in from 37 charity shops.Fundraising was challenging last year, possibly due in part to the negative publicity surrounding their founder, Sister Frances Dominica, who faced historic sexual-abuse allegations. She was under investigation but the CPS dropped the case. She denies the allegations, but had to resign from her role as a trustee of the hospice last December.All 54 children’s hospices in the UK have a similar struggle for funding: on average they receive only 21 per cent of their costs from local Government and health commissioners; the rest comes from fundraising. Many hoped David Cameron would introduce more central Government support, as his late son Ivan was cared for at Helen House and he has spoken fondly of the care the family received there. But nothing has happened as yet.

Perhaps it’s because as a society we don’t like to talk about children dying – unlike in past generations where child mortality was common.

“My great grandmother had 16 pregnancies,” says Clare. “They were used to child mortality. But now it’s a subject we don’t like to discuss.”

We adults may have lost this matter-of-fact attitude to death, but young children haven’t. “We’ve heard siblings talking in the playroom. One will say, ‘My sister has died,’ and the other will say, ‘Oh, my brother died,’ and they will debate ‘which one is the deadest’ or who died first,” says Clare. Her own daughters, aged eight and 10, recently had a discussion about how you would find a coffin for a tall man. “You could fold him in half,” suggested one.

Staff find that children at the hospice often know they are going to die, even if adults have not told them. Outreach nurse Shirley Jones recalls a boy of five who was nearing the end of life, but his parents were convinced he didn’t know.

One day he said he wanted everyone to go up to his bedroom and give presents to his brother, whose birthday was in a couple of months. They were puzzled but did it. He died later that day. “Whether they have knowledge or whether they are picking up on cues from family – sensing anxiety, we don’t know,” says Shirley.

Children are often accepting of death (rarely do nurses hear gravely ill children ask, “Why me?”), but teens and young adults are often angry, perhaps because they have more comprehension of what they are going to miss.

When it comes to end-of-life, children often know what they want. One seven-year-old boy who knew he was going to die was determined only to allow staff to give him limited help when the time came. He even had his wishes laminated to the equipment next to his bed.

When the time came, they abided by his wishes, even though his parents must have wanted to try anything to prolong his life. “His mum was incredibly gracious. She was so terribly upset but she did not ask us to carry on. I had so much admiration for her,” recalls Clare.

When a child dies, the impact on parents is all-consuming; bereavement teams at the hospice are often in touch with them years afterwards. “When a child dies, parents have lost the future,” says Clare. “We help them find a new normal, because it’s never the same again.”

By rights, her work should be gruelling and sad, but she loves it. “I’ve only had three bad days in 11 years here – and only one of them was to do with a death. Working here makes me treasure time with my own children. It makes me listen to them, hug them and spend as much time as possible with them. We know more than anyone how your whole life can change in a split second.”

Complete Article HERE!

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How do people die from cancer? You asked Google – here’s the answer

Every day millions of internet users ask Google life’s most difficult questions, big and small. Our writers answer some of the commonest queries

By

‘Contrary to popular fears, patients attest that awareness of dying does not lead to greater sadness, anxiety or depression.’
‘Contrary to popular fears, patients attest that awareness of dying does not lead to greater sadness, anxiety or depression.’

Our consultation is nearly finished when my patient leans forward, and says, “So, doctor, in all this time, no one has explained this. Exactly how will I die?” He is in his 80s, with a head of snowy hair and a face lined with experience. He has declined a second round of chemotherapy and elected to have palliative care. Still, an academic at heart, he is curious about the human body and likes good explanations.

“What have you heard?” I ask. “Oh, the usual scary stories,” he responds lightly; but the anxiety on his face is unmistakable and I feel suddenly protective of him.

“Would you like to discuss this today?” I ask gently, wondering if he might want his wife there.

“As you can see I’m dying to know,” he says, pleased at his own joke.

If you are a cancer patient, or care for someone with the illness, this is something you might have thought about. “How do people die from cancer?” is one of the most common questions asked of Google. Yet, it’s surprisingly rare for patients to ask it of their oncologist. As someone who has lost many patients and taken part in numerous conversations about death and dying, I will do my best to explain this, but first a little context might help.

Some people are clearly afraid of what might be revealed if they ask the question. Others want to know but are dissuaded by their loved ones. “When you mention dying, you stop fighting,” one woman admonished her husband. The case of a young patient is seared in my mind. Days before her death, she pleaded with me to tell the truth because she was slowly becoming confused and her religious family had kept her in the dark. “I’m afraid you’re dying,” I began, as I held her hand. But just then, her husband marched in and having heard the exchange, was furious that I’d extinguish her hope at a critical time. As she apologised with her eyes, he shouted at me and sent me out of the room, then forcibly took her home.

It’s no wonder that there is reluctance on the part of patients and doctors to discuss prognosis but there is evidence that truthful, sensitive communication and where needed, a discussion about mortality, enables patients to take charge of their healthcare decisions, plan their affairs and steer away from unnecessarily aggressive therapies. Contrary to popular fears, patients attest that awareness of dying does not lead to greater sadness, anxiety or depression. It also does not hasten death. There is evidence that in the aftermath of death, bereaved family members report less anxiety and depression if they were included in conversations about dying. By and large, honesty does seem the best policy.

Studies worryingly show that a majority of patients are unaware of a terminal prognosis, either because they have not been told or because they have misunderstood the information. Somewhat disappointingly, oncologists who communicate honestly about a poor prognosis may be less well liked by their patient. But when we gloss over prognosis, it’s understandably even more difficult to tread close to the issue of just how one might die.

Thanks to advances in medicine, many cancer patients don’t die and the figures keep improving. Two thirds of patients diagnosed with cancer in the rich world today will survive five years and those who reach the five-year mark will improve their odds for the next five, and so on. But cancer is really many different diseases that behave in very different ways. Some cancers, such as colon cancer, when detected early, are curable. Early breast cancer is highly curable but can recur decades later. Metastatic prostate cancer, kidney cancer and melanoma, which until recently had dismal treatment options, are now being tackled with increasingly promising therapies that are yielding unprecedented survival times.

But the sobering truth is that advanced cancer is incurable and although modern treatments can control symptoms and prolong survival, they cannot prolong life indefinitely. This is why I think it’s important for anyone who wants to know, how cancer patients actually die.

Cancer cells release a plethora of chemicals that inhibit appetite and affect the digestion and absorption of food’
Cancer cells release a plethora of chemicals that inhibit appetite and affect the digestion and absorption of food’

“Failure to thrive” is a broad term for a number of developments in end-stage cancer that basically lead to someone slowing down in a stepwise deterioration until death. Cancer is caused by an uninhibited growth of previously normal cells that expertly evade the body’s usual defences to spread, or metastasise, to other parts. When cancer affects a vital organ, its function is impaired and the impairment can result in death. The liver and kidneys eliminate toxins and maintain normal physiology – they’re normally organs of great reserve so when they fail, death is imminent.

Cancer cells release a plethora of chemicals that inhibit appetite and affect the digestion and absorption of food, leading to progressive weight loss and hence, profound weakness. Dehydration is not uncommon, due to distaste for fluids or an inability to swallow. The lack of nutrition, hydration and activity causes rapid loss of muscle mass and weakness. Metastases to the lung are common and can cause distressing shortness of breath – it’s important to understand that the lungs (or other organs) don’t stop working altogether, but performing under great stress exhausts them. It’s like constantly pushing uphill against a heavy weight.

Cancer patients can also die from uncontrolled infection that overwhelms the body’s usual resources. Having cancer impairs immunity and recent chemotherapy compounds the problem by suppressing the bone marrow. The bone marrow can be considered the factory where blood cells are produced – its function may be impaired by chemotherapy or infiltration by cancer cells.Death can occur due to a severe infection. Pre-existing liver impairment or kidney failure due to dehydration can make antibiotic choice difficult, too.

You may notice that patients with cancer involving their brain look particularly unwell. Most cancers in the brain come from elsewhere, such as the breast, lung and kidney. Brain metastases exert their influence in a few ways – by causing seizures, paralysis, bleeding or behavioural disturbance. Patients affected by brain metastases can become fatigued and uninterested and rapidly grow frail. Swelling in the brain can lead to progressive loss of consciousness and death.

In some cancers, such as that of the prostate, breast and lung, bone metastases or biochemical changes can give rise to dangerously high levels of calcium, which causes reduced consciousness and renal failure, leading to death.

Uncontrolled bleeding, cardiac arrest or respiratory failure due to a large blood clot happen – but contrary to popular belief, sudden and catastrophic death in cancer is rare. And of course, even patients with advanced cancer can succumb to a heart attack or stroke, common non-cancer causes of mortality in the general community.

You may have heard of the so-called “double effect” of giving strong medications such as morphine for cancer pain, fearing that the escalation of the drug levels hastens death. But experts say that opioids are vital to relieving suffering and that they typically don’t shorten an already limited life.

It’s important to appreciate that death can happen in a few ways, so I wanted to touch on the important topic of what healthcare professionals can do to ease the process of dying.

In places where good palliative care is embedded, its value cannot be overestimated. Palliative care teams provide expert assistance with the management of physical symptoms and psychological distress. They can address thorny questions, counsel anxious family members, and help patients record a legacy, in written or digital form. They normalise grief and help bring perspective at a challenging time.

People who are new to palliative care are commonly apprehensive that they will miss out on effective cancer management but there is very good evidence that palliative care improves psychological wellbeing, quality of life, and in some cases, life expectancy. Palliative care is a relative newcomer to medicine, so you may find yourself living in an area where a formal service doesn’t exist, but there may be local doctors and allied health workers trained in aspects of providing it, so do be sure to ask around.

Finally, a word about how to ask your oncologist about prognosis and in turn, how you will die. What you should know is that in many places, training in this delicate area of communication is woefully inadequate and your doctor may feel uncomfortable discussing the subject. But this should not prevent any doctor from trying – or at least referring you to someone who can help.

Accurate prognostication is difficult, but you should expect an estimation in terms of weeks, months, or years. When it comes to asking the most difficult questions, don’t expect the oncologist to read between the lines. It’s your life and your death: you are entitled to an honest opinion, ongoing conversation and compassionate care which, by the way, can come from any number of people including nurses, social workers, family doctors, chaplains and, of course, those who are close to you.

Over 2,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Epicurus observed that the art of living well and the art of dying well were one. More recently, Oliver Sacks reminded us of this tenet as he was dying from metastatic melanoma. If die we must, it’s worth reminding ourselves of the part we can play in ensuring a death that is peaceful.

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Q+A: How Should You Talk to Your Doctor About End-of-Life Care?

by Lauren Ingeno

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No one wants to talk about death. But when a loved one is faced with old age or a serious illness, there are choices that need to be made. How does the patient feel about life-sustaining measures in the face of terminal illness? Does he or she have strong feelings about mechanical breathing, CPR or chemotherapy? What factors will be most important to the dying person — physical comfort, no pain, treatment costs?

As an emergency medicine doctor, Laura Vearrier, MD, a clinical assistant professor at Drexel University College of Medicine, sees plenty of family members having to make these decisions for sometimes impaired or incapacitated patients. Stress is high. Emotions are involved. What’s worse, there isn’t time for physicians to sit down and properly explain medical procedures or lay out options.

Advanced care planning allows people to maintain authority in their medical decision-making. However, the current legal framework for advance directives make them inadequate as an effective end-of-life planning tool, argues a recent paper from Vearrier, published in the HealthCare Ethics Committee Forum.

Her solution? More mandatory, frank communication between primary care physicians and their patients about the end of life and medical care — long before a patient is unhealthy.

Vearrier weighed in on problems with the current end-of-life care paradigm and how it can be improved.

What is end-of-life planning? Who does it primarily concern?
A lot of people don’t start talking about end-of-life care until they have a chronic disease, but advance care planning is really something that every adult should be thinking about early on, long before a time of illness, when there are a lot of emotions involved. End-of-life care decisions fall on a continuum that ranges from a focus on prolonging life with all available technology, to a focus primarily on comfort. There are decisions people need to make about, for instance, whether having more time alive with family and friends is preferable, even if that means prolonging suffering and giving up independence. Advance directives, commonly known as a living will, allows you to document your end-of-life medical treatment preferences. A healthcare proxy allows you to designate a person you trust as a decision maker on your behalf.

How did you become interested in the issue of end-of-life planning?
In the Emergency Department, I see many patients who are critically ill, and their families haven’t thought about their options ahead of time. When doctors present families with options about their loved one, they often don’t understand what the doctor is talking about, much less what their loved one would want. And with having to deal with the stress of a sick family member, it’s even harder to process new information.

 How common are living wills?
According to the 2008 Advance Directives and Advance Care Planning: Report to Congress, only 18 to 36 percent of the adult population has completed advance directives. And even those with serious medical conditions have completed advanced directives at only a slightly higher rate. A study of cancer patients in 2000 showed that only 9 percent of patients had discussed advanced directives with their oncologists, and only 23 percent of the remaining patients indicated they wished to do so. There are also differences between racial and socioeconomic groups. The report shows that white race and a higher socioeconomic status are related to a greater likelihood of having a living will.

What is the Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment Paradigm?
POLST was developed as a response to the failed process of advance directives as an end-of-life planning tool, but it is not intended to replace advanced directives. It is a health care planning tool that encourages doctors to speak with patients who are very ill and can be transferred between different health care facilities. A POLST form is completed by a health care professional rather than a patient. The POLST form identifies “Do Not Resuscitate” orders, but it also lists other treatment preferences, like whether a patient would wish to go to a hospital or stay home.

You are critical of the POLST form in your recent paper. Why?
POLST has played an important role in increasing the documentation of end-of-life preferences. However, the problem remains that people do not really understand a lot of their options. The POLST form uses a lot of specialized jargon, and it can be even more confusing than advance directives. Even social workers who discuss the forms with their patients have a poor understanding of some of their options. So when it comes time for a physician to interpret the orders, they might not really be fulfilling the patient’s treatment wishes.

What surprised you the most when researching this topic?
I was surprised about how poorly people understand their options when it comes to having to make decisions about end-of-life care and also how uncommonly people discuss it with their physicians. Physicians may not even be aware that their patients have an advance directive.

What’s the solution?
Increased communication that occurs on a routine, non-emergent basis. I think talking about the end of life and medical care should be a discussion that starts when someone is healthy, with the awareness that it’s something that may, and probably will, change over time. Since treatment preferences may change with age, health status and the current state of medical technology, discussions should occur on a yearly basis with every adult patient in the case that something happens to them. Also, everyone should be discussing their preferences with their families.

A lot of physicians are hesitant or may feel poorly prepared to have these discussions, which is why they don’t happen until someone is ill or has exhausted all of their treatments. Then lack of time becomes a barrier. To change this, it should be something that’s done on a routine basis at every yearly check-up with a primary care doctor. It’s just like the “in case of an emergency” safety protocols that are communicated on every single airplane flight. It’s repeated every time, so everyone is aware what could happen and what the procedure would be. There needs to be a culture shift, so that patients are educated and empowered about their treatment options, in case they are ever in a position where they are no longer capable of making those decisions.

Complete Article HERE!